Furthermore, the solid-state TTA-UC exhibits high air stability, reflecting the high oxygen barrier performance of epoxy resins. This work provides important design guidelines for achieving highly efficient TTA-UC in rigid solid materials, which has been very difficult to achieve in the past. With the IBM Design Language as its foundation, the system consists of working code, design tools and resources, human interface guidelines, and a vibrant community of contributors. The generality of our finding is also confirmed for epoxy resins of similar emitter unit concentrations without the ionic liquid. Carbon is IBM’s open source design system for products and digital experiences. More importantly, the high emitter concentration speeds up the triplet diffusion and suppresses the back energy transfer from the emitter to sensitizer so that the sensitized emitter triplet can be effectively utilized for TTA.
A TTA-UC quantum yield Φ UC of 5.7% (theoretical maximum: 50%) or a TTA-UC efficiency η UC of 11.4% (theoretical maximum: 100%) is achieved, which is the highest value ever achieved for a rigid polymer material. In addition to the noncovalent introduction of ionic liquid emitters into the epoxy network, we covalently introduce emitters with polymerization sites to increase the emitter concentration to 35.6 wt %. For the practical application of triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC), the development of rigid, transparent, air-stable, and moldable materials with a high TTA-UC efficiency remains a challenging issue.
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